Effects of Strip Mining on the Appalachian Environment Essay

Coal mining, in particular, strip mining has become the latest casualty of the growing green movement in the United States. What is strip mining? Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online defines strip mining as the removal of vegetation, soil, and rock above a layer of coal, followed by the removal of the coal itself (â€Å"strip†). Most Americans don’t realize the impact this material of biological origin that can be used as a source of energy (â€Å"fossil†), or fossil fuel, has on their everyday lives or the nation’s economy. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the mining industry directly employs some fifty thousand Americans with nearly half that number working in the more specific field of strip mining, or mountain top removal†¦show more content†¦Deforestation’s accompaniment is erosion. Since much of strip mined land lacks proper restoration, weather causes further loss of soil and vital nutrients needed for nativ e vegetation to grow. â€Å"Mountain Top Mining and Valley Fills Report† published by the EPA cites KA Harper and others educated and conducting studies in the fields of biology, environmental studies, and renewable sources. According to Harper, the change in mineral content of land affected by surface mining prohibits growth of indigenous plant life and allows foreign plant life to invade, changing the areas ecosystem (Harper). Water contamination is the next major concern of environmental groups. The Environmental Protection Agency, the governmental regulatory agency created in 1970 to manage the enforcement of environmental policy, states its concerns in a letter to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 2009 (United). Specifically addressing mines in West Virginia and Kentucky, the EPA expressed serious concerns over water pollution from strip mining (â€Å"EPA†). The rupture of an ash dike at the Tennessee Valley Authority’s Kingston Fossil Plant in Roan e County, TN on December 22, 2008 granted credibility to the EPA’s concerns. In an article published by in Environmental Health Perspectives, Rhitu Chatterjee comments on the poisonous substances contained in ash produced from processing coal, listingShow MoreRelatedEnergy Vs. Beauty in Coal Mining Essay1533 Words   |  7 Pages(Holzman). Mountain top removal is the process of blasting the top of a mountain away to retrieve coal from inside the mountain. The effects of mountain top removal may not be visible at first sight, although they are clearly taking effect with no hesitation. Although mountain top removal does give a percentage of our country its energy, it also maltreats the environment, wildlife, human health (Community Impacts of Mountain Top Removal). The innovation of electricity and energy helped spark the needRead MoreESPM 50AC Final Paper1366 Words   |  6 Pages000-square-mile region that follows the spine of the Appalachian Mountains stretching from southern New York to northern Mississippi. It is home to more than 25 million people. Appalachia Mountains are rich in natural resources, containing an abundant number of coal, timber, oil, gas, and water (Daugneaux 1981). These natural resources have historically influenced the economic characteristics of the region. The regions economy has been highly dependent on mining, forestry, agriculture, chemical industriesRead MoreThe Appalachian Mountains : A Vast Cultural And Geographical Region3478 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Appalachia is a vast cultural and geographical region â€Å"that follows the spine of the Appalachian Mountains from southern New York to northern Mississippi. It includes all of West Virginia and parts of 12 other states: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.†4 The distinctive Appalachian culture is a result of the blend of unique backgrounds -Native American (primarily Cherokee), CelticRead MoreEssay on Mountaintop Mining and Environmental and Energy Policy1872 Words   |  8 Pages Mountaintop mining has been practiced in the United States since the 1960s, primarily in the Appalachian Mountains. The process involves removing all tress from the site, then the topsoil, and then using explosives to remove the remaining soil and rock to reveal coal. The coal is removed and processed, and then the mountaintop is â€Å"reclaimed† with soil or an appropriate substitute, and sometimes replanted.6 While mountaintop mining in the Appalachians is only a small percentage of coal producedRead MoreMountaintop Mining : The Natural Beauty And Biodiversity Of The Appalachian Environment2940 Words   |  12 Pagescheap energy, mining companies have turned to a practice called mountaintop removal mining, or simply mountaintop mining. Mountaintop mining is a form of surface mining that involves removing the tops and sides of a summit in order to more quickly and efficiently remove underlying coal deposits. Although this kind of mining is cheaper than traditional subsurfac e methods, its social and environmental costs are steep, making it a major source of contention in both the Central Appalachian region and AmericaRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Looks At The Coal History Of Her Hometown West Virginia Essay1815 Words   |  8 Pagescountry even thought they live in an area that is environmentally diverse and full of natural resources such as coal, timber and agriculture. The author of the book looks at the coal history of her hometown West Virginia and examines the impact of mining and mountain top removal has had on the region. Appalachia’s poverty rate is twice as high as any other region in United States. The regions are primarily country and the people are largely white with majority of the locals having roots that haveRead MoreThe Mountains Of Central Appalachia1996 Words   |  8 Pagesmight be in jeopardy of losing. Surface mining began to replace traditional underground mining around WWII (Bozzi 116). Rather than digging into the mountain to extract the coal, strip mining involves removing the overlying soil and rock that covers the coal deposits (Lutz 1). It seemed appealing at first because the previous known dangers of black-lung disease and cave-ins were now limited with the surface mining method (Bozzi 116). However, surface mining came with it’s own problems, a lot of themRead MoreThe Copper Basin1616 Words   |  7 Pagesthat is climatically unique with a rich history rooted in copper mining. It is thought that man is responsible for the total destruction of the environment over this large area, but it is mostly contributed to the exclusive location. The Copper Basin was susceptible to negative environmental effects due to its topographical, geological, climatic, edaphic, and meteorological location. However, the copper mining had a transformative effect on the surrounding land s that of which are still recovering. TheRead MoreAgriculture and Wiley Essay2357 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Week 4 worksheet ENV/100 August 16, 2013 Tiffany Alvarez Week 4 worksheet How do minerals affect society? Minerals can affect society in many ways for example; Surface mining destroys vegetation across large areas, increasing erosion. Open-pit mining uses huge quantities of water. Acid mine drainage is pollution caused when dissolved toxic materials wash from mines into nearby lakes and streams. Minerals is approximately 80 percent of mined ore consists of impurities that becomeRead MoreFive Historical Events Influenced by the Depletion of Resources3742 Words   |  15 Pagesthey might have used natural pieces of flotsam like feathers, shells and pumice.Because plastics are created from chemicals that are volatile in different environments, they will break down over long periods of time in the oceans through photo degradation, or exposure to the sun. Studies have found the spread of plastic pieces in our environment has intruded into our oceans at an alarmingly rate. The latest study estimates the amount of particles of microplastic(pieces of plastic smaller than 5

Essay on Hemingways Minimalism in Hills Like White...

Hemingway’s Minimalism in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† In this essay we will look at Earnest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† as an example of his use of the minimalist technique, what that technique is, and what its overall effect has on the reader. What is minimalism and how did Hemingway use this technique in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†? The primary effect of Minimalism in modern prose is to place the control of the work back onto the reader. That is to say, the reader is forced to play an active or participatory role in both the visual and emotional aesthetic of the story. Whereas more vividly detailed works by authors such as Falkner and Joyce paint a picture and color in the details of character and setting for the†¦show more content†¦It can be argued, that this involvement of the reader is at the center of minimalism’s grand effect. Hemingway continues with this impersonal objective narrative style throughout the story. Hemingway never describes the way in which â€Å"the American† or â€Å"the girl† looked; in fact—that’s up to you as the reader to imagine based on the context of the story and based on your own life. We know the American is a man and that the girl is probably not American because he describes her as simply a girl as if in contrast to â€Å"The American.† As a reader, again, this involves you in the writing in that you are expected, in order to engage the story fully, to be able to provide your own details. What did the girl look like? What color is her hair? What did she smell like? How old was she, etc. One specific syntactical example of Hemingway’s minimalism in this story is in the way he used the dialogue tags â€Å"he said† or â€Å"she said, forcing the reader to arrive at the emotion from the actual dialogue. This leads to far greater complexity and depth within the characters. Instead of having a narrator describe these emotions, we see the situation take place as from the perspective of a fly on the wall, with no access to the psyche or emotional state of the characters. Without such access, we as readers involve ourselves, place our own

Mobile telecommunication Free Essays

Mobile phones are now seen as necessities rather than luxuries and market penetration (the percentage of the population owning mobile phones) Is very high and growing. A recent report put market penetration In the western E as a whole at 90 per cent In 2004 and predicted that this will rise to 100 per cent by 2007. In some European countries (including the ELK) penetration is in excess of 100 per cent as individuals have more than one mobile phone. We will write a custom essay sample on Mobile telecommunication or any similar topic only for you Order Now This high level of market penetration in the developed world does not mean that the racket is saturated as the advent of 36 technology has opened up the market and will lead to people trading up to more expensive phones. In addition there is an explosion of demand In the developing world. Current competition It Is necessary to look at two aspects of the market as they are Inextricably linked together – the market for mobile handsets and the market for network operators. In both cases the market is oligopolies, as Tables 13. 13 and 13. 4 show. The market leader for handsets is Monika. However, its position is under threat -its market share in the UK in 2002 was 52 per cent. Ionians main problem was the failure to recognize and meet the increased demand for camera flip-phones. It responded to this criticism by launching a new range of seven handsets in April 2005. The percentages shares of the other manufacturers remained fairly constant between 2002 and 2004, although LOG is a new entrant and the ‘others’ group increased Its market share from 10 per cent to 18 per cent. The market for mobile phone handsets in the UK Manufacturer Monika Siemens Sony Ericson Samsung Motorola Others % share of the I-J market, 2004 36 10 18 Table 13. 3 The market for network operators in the UK Network Avoidance Orange 02 T-Mobile Virgin Mobile 3 Tests % share of the UK market, 2004 25 17 01 source: Minute, 2004 There are three large providers of mobile networks in the I-J, with very little between them in terms of market share. In 2002 Orange was the market leader with 27 per cent of the market while Avoidance accounted for 26 per cent of the market; 3 and Tests are new entrants to the market. The market for pay-as-you-go mobile phones is approximately twice the size of the contract market. Power of buyers Mobile phones are mainly for personal use (by 65. 2 per cent of adults) rather than business use (4. 8 per cent of adults). Statistically, the user of a mobile phone is most likely to be single, young and female. Figure 13. 3 shows the ownership of mobile phones in the I-J by age. Ownership is lowest in the 55 years and over age group and the handset manufacturers and network operators recognize this. 2 is working with Saga (the insurance group for the over ass) to launch a deal for the over-ass and Avoidance launched a new handset called Simply in May 2005 which is aimed at the older racket – it has an easy-to-read screen and larger buttons and does not carry many of the more complex features. Figure 13. 3 Source: Keynote, 2005 Although buyers cannot exert a great deal of market power, the high level of competition and easy availability of information on handset prices and network operators means that it is easy to shop around for the best deal. Threat of new entry The barriers to entry in this industry were very high and included access to networks, the cost of license purchase and the cost of brand building. In recent years these barriers have fallen dramatically. The advent of virtual networks has reduced the necessity for access to a network. Virgin is a mobile virtual network operator (NOVO) as it buys spare capacity from T-Mobile and sells it on to consumers. Tests and 02 have a similar relationship. At one time the handset manufacturers also had to manufacture the base stations (used to provide mobile phone coverage) which were very expensive to produce. This was a very effective cost barrier to entry for smaller handset producers. This is no longer necessary as radio chips and other software can increasingly be bought ‘off the shelf. Manufacture of handsets is being subcontracted by some of the larger handset manufacturers and these subcontractors themselves are starting to sell handsets under their own name. Been is an example of such a company. If this starts to happen on a large scale, there will be a threat to the position and market share of the incumbent market leaders. In Table 13. 13 the category of ‘others’ grew from 10 per cent in 2002 to the 18 per cent shown in the table for 2004. A further threat to the position of handset manufacturers is the manufacture of handsets by the mobile operators themselves – Orange, for example, sells own brand handsets. This has the effect of tying the handset user into the operating network. In the ELK, there is evidence that there is room for new entrants – Sends for example, claims a 5 per cent market share in the I-J in 2005. Sends was founded in the UK in 1999 and initially supplied handsets to the network operators. It now supplies handsets under its own name through Internet sales and also through the giant retail supermarket Tests. Another barrier to entry which has fallen in recent years is the ‘switching cost’ uncured by users when they change between networks. Although users of pay-as you- go still have to pay a fee for ‘unlocking the phone which can amount to as much as EYE. O, operators will provide handsets free to customers who take out a contract for 12 months. In addition, a major obstacle to changing networks – having to change your telephone number – now no longer exists. Although there are no obvious substitutes for the mobile phone, there a number of developments in this area. The advent of 36 technology which was launched in 2004 mainly for business customers will be extended to personal users by the end of 2005. This will offer better features like AD effects and faster access to the Internet and games. New products will offer the ability to watch films and sporting events as they happen. BIT has developed a hybrid phone – called BIT Fusion – which was launched in June 2005. Fusion operates as a mobile phone when outside the home but switches to the cheaper broadband line when the phone is inside the home. This reduces the cost of usage. Mobile email is seen as a growth area as Microsoft launched a new version of the Windows operating system designed specifically for mobile phones in May 2005. This is mainly used by business but could easily be extended into personal use. Power of suppliers The large manufacturers now subcontract much of their manufacturing to smaller subcontractors like Sends (mentioned above). On the one hand, this gives them increased flexibility in production but, on the other, it allows the subcontractors to enter the market and eventually to compete in their own right – what is there to stop the operators bypassing the handset manufacturers completely? It is likely that this development will change the power relations between the handset manufacturers and their suppliers and could possibly result in co-production and co-marketing of the handsets in the longer term. In the race for market share, manufacturers and operators have to offer maximum quality and range of services. The content becomes crucial. The exploitation of the G market requires the best range of content and handset manufacturers are negotiating deals with content suppliers; Avoidance has teamed up with Disney and Sony to provide content for their phones. These large organizations will undoubtedly have some degree of market power over the handset manufacturers simply because of their size and already established market power. From this analysis it can be seen that, although this market is one with very high market penetration, it is not a saturated market. There is scope for new entry to the market and for the development of new products and new markets. The market conditions which gave rise to domination by the large vertically integrated giants like Monika and Motorola have largely disappeared and smaller manufacturers are entering the market. How to cite Mobile telecommunication, Papers

Media Coverage on Youth Crime free essay sample

This research study delves looks into the public’s misconception of on the extent and nature and extent of the increased rate of youth crime and the youth justice system per se. Also, and the characteristics of such way such misconception and the adverse impact on youth who commit these crimes. . respond to youthful offending. Overall, umpteenth Various misconceptions have been identified concerning youth crimes in Canada. The media plays a major role in the public’s perception at times distoring actualities and creating an impression that It has been shown that, the public is made to believe that there is a drastic increase on in youth crime. The public’s perception is also justified by the statistics provided by the media. belief of the public has been mainly based on the number of statics availed by the media. Research has proven that The availed official statistics in respect to the extent and nature of youth crime, have shown that the public’s conception about the rapid increase on youth crime is not supported by the available official statistical data. In exploratory research comparing the discrepancies between available statistics and official statistics with regard to the public’s misconceptions, it was decided to unravel the discrepancy which appears to shape the public’s attitude in this myth which seems to deliver negative impacts. Reasons for such kind of discrepancy between the available official statistics and public conceptions with regard to youth crime and the youth justice system have been explored. The key role of the media in the shaping of public attitude has been addressed in this study. The negative effects which arise from public misconceptions with regard to youth crime are explored. Major Among the negative effects of public misconception of youth crime, involve is making of unnecessary changes to existing legislation, on the legislation, public intolerance, and creating unnecessary and making of inappropriate programs for young offenders. The paper makes cConclusive suggestions are provided in the hopes of bridging which are intended to bridge the gaps between the official statistics and the public’s misconception. Included in the recommendations are suggestions Among the recommendations given, it has been suggested that the media should be provided with given accurate proper information and statistics about the youth justice system, and the public be should also be educated enlightened about the criminal justice system. Also, inherent fear associated with youth crimes should be properly identified, acknowledged and addressed in order to curb, if not resolve the myths surrounding youth crimes. It has also been suggested that fears that are associated with youth crime should be acknowledged and adequately addressed. Introduction The Yyoung oOffenders Act of 1984 (YOA)was introduced put in place in order to to reflect reconcile various issues of accountability and responsibility for with regard to the young offenders. According to Gates (2004), the a wide coverage of by the media in this respect with regard to youth crime has led many people to believe and conclude that the applicable policies provided pursuant to the under the Act were are not inefficient, indicating , by showing that youth crimes were are increasing continuously and contiguously day by day both in both in the seriousness of the crimes and the chronological numerical sequence. rime, and in number. This has led to In fact, the issue of youth crime in Canada has led to a growing public concern due to the realization that the number of youth crime is increasing and becoming uncontrollable getting out of control by the youth justice system, with the result that many people are demanding therefore calling for greater penalties and the imposition of more stringent harsher policies to deal with youth crime. This paper considers Tthe degree and the extent in which members of the public feel about the impact of the youth crime problem, and the notion e popularity of the tendency for that criminals should to get a tougher mentality is viewed from the trends emerging. This The paper will also look into the varying trends of youth crime, and the subsequent disposition of cases in youth courts will be examined. Also, it will be clearly demonstrated that It will clearly be shown that, the media reports on the increased number of crimes, and the seriousness of such crime are is not supported by the available official data (Sprott, 2004). The Level of Youth Crime Control Based on Both Medial and Official Statistics Reviewing Looking at the contents and number of media reports regarding with regard to youth crimes, it is evident that is has been shown that the media has made members of the public to believe that youth crimes have increased, both in nature and of IN in the seriousness of the crime. According to Crawford (2005), the media mislead members of the public by reporting for instance a homicide event which occurs once, in an exaggerated manner, such that people are often confused and made to believe that several events of homicide occurred between different youths. From a research study conducted at in the University of Ottawa, it is estimated roughly only one person is who gets charged for homicide cases in a period of ten days. However, , but the regular reports by the media reveals that make most people believe that there is an increase in serious youth crimes. The Statistics According to Howard (2006), trends in the seriousness and frequency of youth crime have been charted from statistics available at the Canadian Center for Justice reports. Such charts are compiled made by looking at the number of young offenders within the age of 12-17 years, who faceing criminal charges. This is also done by looking at the number of cases which may have been processed in the youth court. The available statistics clearly show that there has been an increase in the number of youth crime between the period of 1986-1987, and the period between 1992-1993. In the previous period, the number of youth crimes increased to 27% while the later period had youth crimes increase by 32%. These figures were arrived at by looking at the number of cases heard in court. Although Though the media may be correct when reporting youth crime increase, such an increase, the media it fails to consider important factors. Initially, To begin with, it is important to note that the increase in the number of youth crimes may have been influenced by important factors, such as the a general population increase oin the number of youths in Canada. It is also important to note that from the 81% charges in court, 27% consist of administrative offenses such as failure to comply with probation, or failure to appear before the court, or failure to complete the requirement of community service orders within the required time. Such offenses may often represent a quarter of any offenses reported in a certain period of time. Crawford (2005) posited (posted) that while the media comes out to report, they do not provide clear information on the statistics available. Instead, they emphasize that the crimes reported are of serious nature. This is has been a misleading area with the result that causing many of the people are led to believe that youth crime is increasing at a high rate while this is not true. From the available official statistics, while the rate of youth crime was on the increased between 1986-1987, and 1992-1993, the number has not continued increasing since then. The caseload in most courts has generally decreased by 6. 5%. In the recent years, the official statistics show that the general case rate has declined. gone down. On the other hand, the case rate for violent crimes has increased been on the increasing as the statics indicate by 3. 5%. increase, Also, the drug caseload has perhaps been the worst affected with a great increase of 103. % (Fulton Fisher, 2005). Speculating From a speculation done on youth crimes in Toronto, it is noted that has been shown that school crimes are a reflection of the policy on zero tolerance, that is applied on most youth practices in Toronto. It is said that a For instance, any disruptive offenses occurring happening in schools are get reported to the police officers, instead of being dealt with by the school administrators. From t he local studies, no identifiable trend of youth crime rates can clearly be compared to the national statistics. The local studies do not also support the report by the media on the increased rate of youth crime. Conclusions With Regard to Increases in Youth Crimes Reviewing Looking at the reports provided given by the media and comparing them while compared with official statistics, it is evident the media has not been accurate in reporting the increase in on youth crime. The media has failed also not been able to identify show the categoryies of crimes that have increased gone up, and those that have declined. that have reduced. If the media were reporting information accurately to do a good job for instance, they would should have specified that the general numbers of criminal caseloads have reduced, and that the crime category which has been on a high increase in Canada is drug abuse, followed by violent crimes (Collins, 2003). It is also not true For for the media to report that youths in Canada are currently committing more crimes than previously is erroneous. they used to do in the past. The media in both the national and localized levels, has influenced and distorted the growing public’s collection and intolerance differences. The official data available in Canada portrays that the increase in youth crime is tantamount equivalent to the youth population increase on the youth in Canada. The media has failed to show this. Role of the Media in Reporting Youth Crime It has been proven and emphasized by Many scholars studying who study the juvenile justice system that have accepted that the media is largely to be blamedgreatly to blame for the public’s misperception perception regarding criminal justice issues. In a From a research carried out by the Canadian Sentencing Commission, 800 newspapers were studied in Canada, and it was concluded found out that more than fifty percent half of the criminal cases reported there contained criminal elements, while twenty-five per cent a quarter of the cases were on homicide. Owen (2004) asserts that this is a clearly shows that the media over emphasizes represents violent crimes, given that violent crimes comprise only 11% of all crimes in the Canadian Criminal Court of Justice. Studies have also proven shown that, when editors of these newspapers are questioned, they concur agree that they concentrate in reporting crimes that are of serious nature, as opposed to less serious crimes. On rare occasions when that reporters provide give information with regarding to sentencing, no maximum or minimum penalties for specific offenses are have been reported. It appears that Furthermore, the media only reports on cases which appear to have been given lenient punishments, with the deliberate intent of intention of portraying that the Young Offenders Act, (YOA), or that the youth criminal justice system are is inefficient in dealing with youth crime. Generallyl, when dealing with With respect to youth offenders, researchers continue to demonstrate that have shown that the media typically shows that youth activity, of any nature, kind is as negative, and sensationalizes on rare incidents of youth violence by undertaking to report them repeatedly on several occasions. (Owen (2004) took a sample of three newspapers in Toronto and found that wholly 94% of stories reported on youth crime involved violent offenses. In reality, less than 25% of courts dealing with youths in Ontario cases involve violent crimes. On the other hand, the media wholly discount or ignores acts of violence committed by adults, which are in fact more frequent than those of the youth. This has led to the show of a chronic youth crime problem, which is exaggerated by the lenient Young Offenders Act as the media portrays it, through the prohibition of identity of the young offenders to the public. According to Carrington (2003) this leaves one with the desire that the public would get good information on issues touching the criminal justice, so that the public can be in a position to recognize when the media is biased and when it is neutral in its reports. In one research study however, the media was referred to as the primary source of information for the criminal justice system among 95% of researchers who were surveying the criminal justice system in Canada. Other studies have also shown that the public rely to a large extent on the information provided by the media in concluding the efficiency or shortcomings of the youth criminal justice system in Canada. The result of such reliance of information by the public on the media for criminal justice information, has been established from polls which test public knowledge of the criminal justice system. From the public response, members of the community consistently do an overestimation of the proportion of crimes which have an element of violence, while compared with all crimes generally. When asked for the minimum or maximum incarceration and sentencing rates for certain offenses, most people responded by stating underestimating both. Finally, public members who gave most inaccurate responses, such as exaggerating violent crimes and underestimating the priority given by the court while deciding on sentencing options, these people mainly rely on the media reports as a means for criminal justice information. Though many people are aware that the media limits its coverage to rare and important events, this however does not adequately influence their perception of youth crime rates. The opinion of the public has over a long period of time been heavily influenced by the media. The media choose to publish those stories which most of the time invoke the feelings of anger and retribution to the members of the public (McDonald, 2003). The consequence is that most legislatives are often tampered with in the attempt to enforce harsher measures of dealing with the youth. In the recent past, the effort by the media to favor youthful offending serves to provide and reinforce added momentum for the implementation of tough measures to deal with the youth. Such measures would in fact serve to cause anger and fear among members of the public, and to discourage their trust in regard to the criminal justice system. Consequences of False Public Perceptions The effects of misleading information by the media may often lead to intolerance resulting s from attitudes on the punitive system. Furthermore,For instance, this may lead to individuals aggregating coming together to form a strong opposition against the criminal justice system, by formation of lobby groups, or other campaign organizations. This also culminates in leads to individuals reaction to the behavior of the youth which is seen as undesirable. Misconception leads to heightened police intervention in to even minor offenses, and escalates leads to increased rates of charges for even those cases which can be resolved through informal means. The false increase of youth crime reported by the media, has fueled anger amongst the public and a calls for immediate intervention/action. In response, most judges have become been more punitive to the youth, and the politicians have been compelled to make unnecessary changes to on youth crime laws. This has resulted in leads to some youths facing unnecessary punitive measures for even minor offenses. The government’s way of responding to public’s misconception is shown through reforms done on to the Youth Offenses Act, recently passed by the federal government. Public misconception can have negative effects on the available programing choices. A public which looks at the justice system as too lenient to deal with the apparent problem, or perceives a great increase on the youth crime, may end up demanding for far tougher measures to deal with young offenders than is actually warranted.. Conclusion and Recommendations. From the above discussions, it is evident that the media has played a the major role in of misleading members of the public on youth crime rates, both on the general increase and an increase in the as to the seriousness of the a crime. Such misconception by the public results in has critical consequences, including the need to keep changing youth crime laws, calling for unnecessary police intervention on youth activities, and the imposition of mor stringent harsh measures to deal while dealing with youth crimes (Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, 2004). One of the prime tools The major tool through which the to resolving the problem of public misconception is can be solved is through dissemination of accurate crime statistics. Individuals in charge of Persons who deal with such statistics should ensure often make sure that such statistics are presented to the public, reflecting so as to show the public the real figures on crime rates. This will assist help the public’s opinion of the media know when the media when is reporting the correct information, allowing the public to know when information and when it gets biased. The government should also introduce put in place policies and programs to enlighten the public on the role and efficiency of the youth justice system, as well as informing the public about the accurate crime rates to help solve the misconception problem facing the public. It has been shown that, people who are well informed about criminal justice issues have less convictions and more rational perceptions as compared to those who have limited knowledge.