Effects of Strip Mining on the Appalachian Environment Essay

Coal mining, in particular, strip mining has become the latest casualty of the growing green movement in the United States. What is strip mining? Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online defines strip mining as the removal of vegetation, soil, and rock above a layer of coal, followed by the removal of the coal itself (â€Å"strip†). Most Americans don’t realize the impact this material of biological origin that can be used as a source of energy (â€Å"fossil†), or fossil fuel, has on their everyday lives or the nation’s economy. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the mining industry directly employs some fifty thousand Americans with nearly half that number working in the more specific field of strip mining, or mountain top removal†¦show more content†¦Deforestation’s accompaniment is erosion. Since much of strip mined land lacks proper restoration, weather causes further loss of soil and vital nutrients needed for nativ e vegetation to grow. â€Å"Mountain Top Mining and Valley Fills Report† published by the EPA cites KA Harper and others educated and conducting studies in the fields of biology, environmental studies, and renewable sources. According to Harper, the change in mineral content of land affected by surface mining prohibits growth of indigenous plant life and allows foreign plant life to invade, changing the areas ecosystem (Harper). Water contamination is the next major concern of environmental groups. The Environmental Protection Agency, the governmental regulatory agency created in 1970 to manage the enforcement of environmental policy, states its concerns in a letter to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 2009 (United). Specifically addressing mines in West Virginia and Kentucky, the EPA expressed serious concerns over water pollution from strip mining (â€Å"EPA†). The rupture of an ash dike at the Tennessee Valley Authority’s Kingston Fossil Plant in Roan e County, TN on December 22, 2008 granted credibility to the EPA’s concerns. In an article published by in Environmental Health Perspectives, Rhitu Chatterjee comments on the poisonous substances contained in ash produced from processing coal, listingShow MoreRelatedEnergy Vs. Beauty in Coal Mining Essay1533 Words   |  7 Pages(Holzman). Mountain top removal is the process of blasting the top of a mountain away to retrieve coal from inside the mountain. The effects of mountain top removal may not be visible at first sight, although they are clearly taking effect with no hesitation. Although mountain top removal does give a percentage of our country its energy, it also maltreats the environment, wildlife, human health (Community Impacts of Mountain Top Removal). The innovation of electricity and energy helped spark the needRead MoreESPM 50AC Final Paper1366 Words   |  6 Pages000-square-mile region that follows the spine of the Appalachian Mountains stretching from southern New York to northern Mississippi. It is home to more than 25 million people. Appalachia Mountains are rich in natural resources, containing an abundant number of coal, timber, oil, gas, and water (Daugneaux 1981). These natural resources have historically influenced the economic characteristics of the region. The regions economy has been highly dependent on mining, forestry, agriculture, chemical industriesRead MoreThe Appalachian Mountains : A Vast Cultural And Geographical Region3478 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Appalachia is a vast cultural and geographical region â€Å"that follows the spine of the Appalachian Mountains from southern New York to northern Mississippi. It includes all of West Virginia and parts of 12 other states: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.†4 The distinctive Appalachian culture is a result of the blend of unique backgrounds -Native American (primarily Cherokee), CelticRead MoreEssay on Mountaintop Mining and Environmental and Energy Policy1872 Words   |  8 Pages Mountaintop mining has been practiced in the United States since the 1960s, primarily in the Appalachian Mountains. The process involves removing all tress from the site, then the topsoil, and then using explosives to remove the remaining soil and rock to reveal coal. The coal is removed and processed, and then the mountaintop is â€Å"reclaimed† with soil or an appropriate substitute, and sometimes replanted.6 While mountaintop mining in the Appalachians is only a small percentage of coal producedRead MoreMountaintop Mining : The Natural Beauty And Biodiversity Of The Appalachian Environment2940 Words   |  12 Pagescheap energy, mining companies have turned to a practice called mountaintop removal mining, or simply mountaintop mining. Mountaintop mining is a form of surface mining that involves removing the tops and sides of a summit in order to more quickly and efficiently remove underlying coal deposits. Although this kind of mining is cheaper than traditional subsurfac e methods, its social and environmental costs are steep, making it a major source of contention in both the Central Appalachian region and AmericaRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Looks At The Coal History Of Her Hometown West Virginia Essay1815 Words   |  8 Pagescountry even thought they live in an area that is environmentally diverse and full of natural resources such as coal, timber and agriculture. The author of the book looks at the coal history of her hometown West Virginia and examines the impact of mining and mountain top removal has had on the region. Appalachia’s poverty rate is twice as high as any other region in United States. The regions are primarily country and the people are largely white with majority of the locals having roots that haveRead MoreThe Mountains Of Central Appalachia1996 Words   |  8 Pagesmight be in jeopardy of losing. Surface mining began to replace traditional underground mining around WWII (Bozzi 116). Rather than digging into the mountain to extract the coal, strip mining involves removing the overlying soil and rock that covers the coal deposits (Lutz 1). It seemed appealing at first because the previous known dangers of black-lung disease and cave-ins were now limited with the surface mining method (Bozzi 116). However, surface mining came with it’s own problems, a lot of themRead MoreThe Copper Basin1616 Words   |  7 Pagesthat is climatically unique with a rich history rooted in copper mining. It is thought that man is responsible for the total destruction of the environment over this large area, but it is mostly contributed to the exclusive location. The Copper Basin was susceptible to negative environmental effects due to its topographical, geological, climatic, edaphic, and meteorological location. However, the copper mining had a transformative effect on the surrounding land s that of which are still recovering. TheRead MoreAgriculture and Wiley Essay2357 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Week 4 worksheet ENV/100 August 16, 2013 Tiffany Alvarez Week 4 worksheet How do minerals affect society? Minerals can affect society in many ways for example; Surface mining destroys vegetation across large areas, increasing erosion. Open-pit mining uses huge quantities of water. Acid mine drainage is pollution caused when dissolved toxic materials wash from mines into nearby lakes and streams. Minerals is approximately 80 percent of mined ore consists of impurities that becomeRead MoreFive Historical Events Influenced by the Depletion of Resources3742 Words   |  15 Pagesthey might have used natural pieces of flotsam like feathers, shells and pumice.Because plastics are created from chemicals that are volatile in different environments, they will break down over long periods of time in the oceans through photo degradation, or exposure to the sun. Studies have found the spread of plastic pieces in our environment has intruded into our oceans at an alarmingly rate. The latest study estimates the amount of particles of microplastic(pieces of plastic smaller than 5

Essay on Hemingways Minimalism in Hills Like White...

Hemingway’s Minimalism in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† In this essay we will look at Earnest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† as an example of his use of the minimalist technique, what that technique is, and what its overall effect has on the reader. What is minimalism and how did Hemingway use this technique in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†? The primary effect of Minimalism in modern prose is to place the control of the work back onto the reader. That is to say, the reader is forced to play an active or participatory role in both the visual and emotional aesthetic of the story. Whereas more vividly detailed works by authors such as Falkner and Joyce paint a picture and color in the details of character and setting for the†¦show more content†¦It can be argued, that this involvement of the reader is at the center of minimalism’s grand effect. Hemingway continues with this impersonal objective narrative style throughout the story. Hemingway never describes the way in which â€Å"the American† or â€Å"the girl† looked; in fact—that’s up to you as the reader to imagine based on the context of the story and based on your own life. We know the American is a man and that the girl is probably not American because he describes her as simply a girl as if in contrast to â€Å"The American.† As a reader, again, this involves you in the writing in that you are expected, in order to engage the story fully, to be able to provide your own details. What did the girl look like? What color is her hair? What did she smell like? How old was she, etc. One specific syntactical example of Hemingway’s minimalism in this story is in the way he used the dialogue tags â€Å"he said† or â€Å"she said, forcing the reader to arrive at the emotion from the actual dialogue. This leads to far greater complexity and depth within the characters. Instead of having a narrator describe these emotions, we see the situation take place as from the perspective of a fly on the wall, with no access to the psyche or emotional state of the characters. Without such access, we as readers involve ourselves, place our own

Mobile telecommunication Free Essays

Mobile phones are now seen as necessities rather than luxuries and market penetration (the percentage of the population owning mobile phones) Is very high and growing. A recent report put market penetration In the western E as a whole at 90 per cent In 2004 and predicted that this will rise to 100 per cent by 2007. In some European countries (including the ELK) penetration is in excess of 100 per cent as individuals have more than one mobile phone. We will write a custom essay sample on Mobile telecommunication or any similar topic only for you Order Now This high level of market penetration in the developed world does not mean that the racket is saturated as the advent of 36 technology has opened up the market and will lead to people trading up to more expensive phones. In addition there is an explosion of demand In the developing world. Current competition It Is necessary to look at two aspects of the market as they are Inextricably linked together – the market for mobile handsets and the market for network operators. In both cases the market is oligopolies, as Tables 13. 13 and 13. 4 show. The market leader for handsets is Monika. However, its position is under threat -its market share in the UK in 2002 was 52 per cent. Ionians main problem was the failure to recognize and meet the increased demand for camera flip-phones. It responded to this criticism by launching a new range of seven handsets in April 2005. The percentages shares of the other manufacturers remained fairly constant between 2002 and 2004, although LOG is a new entrant and the ‘others’ group increased Its market share from 10 per cent to 18 per cent. The market for mobile phone handsets in the UK Manufacturer Monika Siemens Sony Ericson Samsung Motorola Others % share of the I-J market, 2004 36 10 18 Table 13. 3 The market for network operators in the UK Network Avoidance Orange 02 T-Mobile Virgin Mobile 3 Tests % share of the UK market, 2004 25 17 01 source: Minute, 2004 There are three large providers of mobile networks in the I-J, with very little between them in terms of market share. In 2002 Orange was the market leader with 27 per cent of the market while Avoidance accounted for 26 per cent of the market; 3 and Tests are new entrants to the market. The market for pay-as-you-go mobile phones is approximately twice the size of the contract market. Power of buyers Mobile phones are mainly for personal use (by 65. 2 per cent of adults) rather than business use (4. 8 per cent of adults). Statistically, the user of a mobile phone is most likely to be single, young and female. Figure 13. 3 shows the ownership of mobile phones in the I-J by age. Ownership is lowest in the 55 years and over age group and the handset manufacturers and network operators recognize this. 2 is working with Saga (the insurance group for the over ass) to launch a deal for the over-ass and Avoidance launched a new handset called Simply in May 2005 which is aimed at the older racket – it has an easy-to-read screen and larger buttons and does not carry many of the more complex features. Figure 13. 3 Source: Keynote, 2005 Although buyers cannot exert a great deal of market power, the high level of competition and easy availability of information on handset prices and network operators means that it is easy to shop around for the best deal. Threat of new entry The barriers to entry in this industry were very high and included access to networks, the cost of license purchase and the cost of brand building. In recent years these barriers have fallen dramatically. The advent of virtual networks has reduced the necessity for access to a network. Virgin is a mobile virtual network operator (NOVO) as it buys spare capacity from T-Mobile and sells it on to consumers. Tests and 02 have a similar relationship. At one time the handset manufacturers also had to manufacture the base stations (used to provide mobile phone coverage) which were very expensive to produce. This was a very effective cost barrier to entry for smaller handset producers. This is no longer necessary as radio chips and other software can increasingly be bought ‘off the shelf. Manufacture of handsets is being subcontracted by some of the larger handset manufacturers and these subcontractors themselves are starting to sell handsets under their own name. Been is an example of such a company. If this starts to happen on a large scale, there will be a threat to the position and market share of the incumbent market leaders. In Table 13. 13 the category of ‘others’ grew from 10 per cent in 2002 to the 18 per cent shown in the table for 2004. A further threat to the position of handset manufacturers is the manufacture of handsets by the mobile operators themselves – Orange, for example, sells own brand handsets. This has the effect of tying the handset user into the operating network. In the ELK, there is evidence that there is room for new entrants – Sends for example, claims a 5 per cent market share in the I-J in 2005. Sends was founded in the UK in 1999 and initially supplied handsets to the network operators. It now supplies handsets under its own name through Internet sales and also through the giant retail supermarket Tests. Another barrier to entry which has fallen in recent years is the ‘switching cost’ uncured by users when they change between networks. Although users of pay-as you- go still have to pay a fee for ‘unlocking the phone which can amount to as much as EYE. O, operators will provide handsets free to customers who take out a contract for 12 months. In addition, a major obstacle to changing networks – having to change your telephone number – now no longer exists. Although there are no obvious substitutes for the mobile phone, there a number of developments in this area. The advent of 36 technology which was launched in 2004 mainly for business customers will be extended to personal users by the end of 2005. This will offer better features like AD effects and faster access to the Internet and games. New products will offer the ability to watch films and sporting events as they happen. BIT has developed a hybrid phone – called BIT Fusion – which was launched in June 2005. Fusion operates as a mobile phone when outside the home but switches to the cheaper broadband line when the phone is inside the home. This reduces the cost of usage. Mobile email is seen as a growth area as Microsoft launched a new version of the Windows operating system designed specifically for mobile phones in May 2005. This is mainly used by business but could easily be extended into personal use. Power of suppliers The large manufacturers now subcontract much of their manufacturing to smaller subcontractors like Sends (mentioned above). On the one hand, this gives them increased flexibility in production but, on the other, it allows the subcontractors to enter the market and eventually to compete in their own right – what is there to stop the operators bypassing the handset manufacturers completely? It is likely that this development will change the power relations between the handset manufacturers and their suppliers and could possibly result in co-production and co-marketing of the handsets in the longer term. In the race for market share, manufacturers and operators have to offer maximum quality and range of services. The content becomes crucial. The exploitation of the G market requires the best range of content and handset manufacturers are negotiating deals with content suppliers; Avoidance has teamed up with Disney and Sony to provide content for their phones. These large organizations will undoubtedly have some degree of market power over the handset manufacturers simply because of their size and already established market power. From this analysis it can be seen that, although this market is one with very high market penetration, it is not a saturated market. There is scope for new entry to the market and for the development of new products and new markets. The market conditions which gave rise to domination by the large vertically integrated giants like Monika and Motorola have largely disappeared and smaller manufacturers are entering the market. How to cite Mobile telecommunication, Papers

Media Coverage on Youth Crime free essay sample

This research study delves looks into the public’s misconception of on the extent and nature and extent of the increased rate of youth crime and the youth justice system per se. Also, and the characteristics of such way such misconception and the adverse impact on youth who commit these crimes. . respond to youthful offending. Overall, umpteenth Various misconceptions have been identified concerning youth crimes in Canada. The media plays a major role in the public’s perception at times distoring actualities and creating an impression that It has been shown that, the public is made to believe that there is a drastic increase on in youth crime. The public’s perception is also justified by the statistics provided by the media. belief of the public has been mainly based on the number of statics availed by the media. Research has proven that The availed official statistics in respect to the extent and nature of youth crime, have shown that the public’s conception about the rapid increase on youth crime is not supported by the available official statistical data. In exploratory research comparing the discrepancies between available statistics and official statistics with regard to the public’s misconceptions, it was decided to unravel the discrepancy which appears to shape the public’s attitude in this myth which seems to deliver negative impacts. Reasons for such kind of discrepancy between the available official statistics and public conceptions with regard to youth crime and the youth justice system have been explored. The key role of the media in the shaping of public attitude has been addressed in this study. The negative effects which arise from public misconceptions with regard to youth crime are explored. Major Among the negative effects of public misconception of youth crime, involve is making of unnecessary changes to existing legislation, on the legislation, public intolerance, and creating unnecessary and making of inappropriate programs for young offenders. The paper makes cConclusive suggestions are provided in the hopes of bridging which are intended to bridge the gaps between the official statistics and the public’s misconception. Included in the recommendations are suggestions Among the recommendations given, it has been suggested that the media should be provided with given accurate proper information and statistics about the youth justice system, and the public be should also be educated enlightened about the criminal justice system. Also, inherent fear associated with youth crimes should be properly identified, acknowledged and addressed in order to curb, if not resolve the myths surrounding youth crimes. It has also been suggested that fears that are associated with youth crime should be acknowledged and adequately addressed. Introduction The Yyoung oOffenders Act of 1984 (YOA)was introduced put in place in order to to reflect reconcile various issues of accountability and responsibility for with regard to the young offenders. According to Gates (2004), the a wide coverage of by the media in this respect with regard to youth crime has led many people to believe and conclude that the applicable policies provided pursuant to the under the Act were are not inefficient, indicating , by showing that youth crimes were are increasing continuously and contiguously day by day both in both in the seriousness of the crimes and the chronological numerical sequence. rime, and in number. This has led to In fact, the issue of youth crime in Canada has led to a growing public concern due to the realization that the number of youth crime is increasing and becoming uncontrollable getting out of control by the youth justice system, with the result that many people are demanding therefore calling for greater penalties and the imposition of more stringent harsher policies to deal with youth crime. This paper considers Tthe degree and the extent in which members of the public feel about the impact of the youth crime problem, and the notion e popularity of the tendency for that criminals should to get a tougher mentality is viewed from the trends emerging. This The paper will also look into the varying trends of youth crime, and the subsequent disposition of cases in youth courts will be examined. Also, it will be clearly demonstrated that It will clearly be shown that, the media reports on the increased number of crimes, and the seriousness of such crime are is not supported by the available official data (Sprott, 2004). The Level of Youth Crime Control Based on Both Medial and Official Statistics Reviewing Looking at the contents and number of media reports regarding with regard to youth crimes, it is evident that is has been shown that the media has made members of the public to believe that youth crimes have increased, both in nature and of IN in the seriousness of the crime. According to Crawford (2005), the media mislead members of the public by reporting for instance a homicide event which occurs once, in an exaggerated manner, such that people are often confused and made to believe that several events of homicide occurred between different youths. From a research study conducted at in the University of Ottawa, it is estimated roughly only one person is who gets charged for homicide cases in a period of ten days. However, , but the regular reports by the media reveals that make most people believe that there is an increase in serious youth crimes. The Statistics According to Howard (2006), trends in the seriousness and frequency of youth crime have been charted from statistics available at the Canadian Center for Justice reports. Such charts are compiled made by looking at the number of young offenders within the age of 12-17 years, who faceing criminal charges. This is also done by looking at the number of cases which may have been processed in the youth court. The available statistics clearly show that there has been an increase in the number of youth crime between the period of 1986-1987, and the period between 1992-1993. In the previous period, the number of youth crimes increased to 27% while the later period had youth crimes increase by 32%. These figures were arrived at by looking at the number of cases heard in court. Although Though the media may be correct when reporting youth crime increase, such an increase, the media it fails to consider important factors. Initially, To begin with, it is important to note that the increase in the number of youth crimes may have been influenced by important factors, such as the a general population increase oin the number of youths in Canada. It is also important to note that from the 81% charges in court, 27% consist of administrative offenses such as failure to comply with probation, or failure to appear before the court, or failure to complete the requirement of community service orders within the required time. Such offenses may often represent a quarter of any offenses reported in a certain period of time. Crawford (2005) posited (posted) that while the media comes out to report, they do not provide clear information on the statistics available. Instead, they emphasize that the crimes reported are of serious nature. This is has been a misleading area with the result that causing many of the people are led to believe that youth crime is increasing at a high rate while this is not true. From the available official statistics, while the rate of youth crime was on the increased between 1986-1987, and 1992-1993, the number has not continued increasing since then. The caseload in most courts has generally decreased by 6. 5%. In the recent years, the official statistics show that the general case rate has declined. gone down. On the other hand, the case rate for violent crimes has increased been on the increasing as the statics indicate by 3. 5%. increase, Also, the drug caseload has perhaps been the worst affected with a great increase of 103. % (Fulton Fisher, 2005). Speculating From a speculation done on youth crimes in Toronto, it is noted that has been shown that school crimes are a reflection of the policy on zero tolerance, that is applied on most youth practices in Toronto. It is said that a For instance, any disruptive offenses occurring happening in schools are get reported to the police officers, instead of being dealt with by the school administrators. From t he local studies, no identifiable trend of youth crime rates can clearly be compared to the national statistics. The local studies do not also support the report by the media on the increased rate of youth crime. Conclusions With Regard to Increases in Youth Crimes Reviewing Looking at the reports provided given by the media and comparing them while compared with official statistics, it is evident the media has not been accurate in reporting the increase in on youth crime. The media has failed also not been able to identify show the categoryies of crimes that have increased gone up, and those that have declined. that have reduced. If the media were reporting information accurately to do a good job for instance, they would should have specified that the general numbers of criminal caseloads have reduced, and that the crime category which has been on a high increase in Canada is drug abuse, followed by violent crimes (Collins, 2003). It is also not true For for the media to report that youths in Canada are currently committing more crimes than previously is erroneous. they used to do in the past. The media in both the national and localized levels, has influenced and distorted the growing public’s collection and intolerance differences. The official data available in Canada portrays that the increase in youth crime is tantamount equivalent to the youth population increase on the youth in Canada. The media has failed to show this. Role of the Media in Reporting Youth Crime It has been proven and emphasized by Many scholars studying who study the juvenile justice system that have accepted that the media is largely to be blamedgreatly to blame for the public’s misperception perception regarding criminal justice issues. In a From a research carried out by the Canadian Sentencing Commission, 800 newspapers were studied in Canada, and it was concluded found out that more than fifty percent half of the criminal cases reported there contained criminal elements, while twenty-five per cent a quarter of the cases were on homicide. Owen (2004) asserts that this is a clearly shows that the media over emphasizes represents violent crimes, given that violent crimes comprise only 11% of all crimes in the Canadian Criminal Court of Justice. Studies have also proven shown that, when editors of these newspapers are questioned, they concur agree that they concentrate in reporting crimes that are of serious nature, as opposed to less serious crimes. On rare occasions when that reporters provide give information with regarding to sentencing, no maximum or minimum penalties for specific offenses are have been reported. It appears that Furthermore, the media only reports on cases which appear to have been given lenient punishments, with the deliberate intent of intention of portraying that the Young Offenders Act, (YOA), or that the youth criminal justice system are is inefficient in dealing with youth crime. Generallyl, when dealing with With respect to youth offenders, researchers continue to demonstrate that have shown that the media typically shows that youth activity, of any nature, kind is as negative, and sensationalizes on rare incidents of youth violence by undertaking to report them repeatedly on several occasions. (Owen (2004) took a sample of three newspapers in Toronto and found that wholly 94% of stories reported on youth crime involved violent offenses. In reality, less than 25% of courts dealing with youths in Ontario cases involve violent crimes. On the other hand, the media wholly discount or ignores acts of violence committed by adults, which are in fact more frequent than those of the youth. This has led to the show of a chronic youth crime problem, which is exaggerated by the lenient Young Offenders Act as the media portrays it, through the prohibition of identity of the young offenders to the public. According to Carrington (2003) this leaves one with the desire that the public would get good information on issues touching the criminal justice, so that the public can be in a position to recognize when the media is biased and when it is neutral in its reports. In one research study however, the media was referred to as the primary source of information for the criminal justice system among 95% of researchers who were surveying the criminal justice system in Canada. Other studies have also shown that the public rely to a large extent on the information provided by the media in concluding the efficiency or shortcomings of the youth criminal justice system in Canada. The result of such reliance of information by the public on the media for criminal justice information, has been established from polls which test public knowledge of the criminal justice system. From the public response, members of the community consistently do an overestimation of the proportion of crimes which have an element of violence, while compared with all crimes generally. When asked for the minimum or maximum incarceration and sentencing rates for certain offenses, most people responded by stating underestimating both. Finally, public members who gave most inaccurate responses, such as exaggerating violent crimes and underestimating the priority given by the court while deciding on sentencing options, these people mainly rely on the media reports as a means for criminal justice information. Though many people are aware that the media limits its coverage to rare and important events, this however does not adequately influence their perception of youth crime rates. The opinion of the public has over a long period of time been heavily influenced by the media. The media choose to publish those stories which most of the time invoke the feelings of anger and retribution to the members of the public (McDonald, 2003). The consequence is that most legislatives are often tampered with in the attempt to enforce harsher measures of dealing with the youth. In the recent past, the effort by the media to favor youthful offending serves to provide and reinforce added momentum for the implementation of tough measures to deal with the youth. Such measures would in fact serve to cause anger and fear among members of the public, and to discourage their trust in regard to the criminal justice system. Consequences of False Public Perceptions The effects of misleading information by the media may often lead to intolerance resulting s from attitudes on the punitive system. Furthermore,For instance, this may lead to individuals aggregating coming together to form a strong opposition against the criminal justice system, by formation of lobby groups, or other campaign organizations. This also culminates in leads to individuals reaction to the behavior of the youth which is seen as undesirable. Misconception leads to heightened police intervention in to even minor offenses, and escalates leads to increased rates of charges for even those cases which can be resolved through informal means. The false increase of youth crime reported by the media, has fueled anger amongst the public and a calls for immediate intervention/action. In response, most judges have become been more punitive to the youth, and the politicians have been compelled to make unnecessary changes to on youth crime laws. This has resulted in leads to some youths facing unnecessary punitive measures for even minor offenses. The government’s way of responding to public’s misconception is shown through reforms done on to the Youth Offenses Act, recently passed by the federal government. Public misconception can have negative effects on the available programing choices. A public which looks at the justice system as too lenient to deal with the apparent problem, or perceives a great increase on the youth crime, may end up demanding for far tougher measures to deal with young offenders than is actually warranted.. Conclusion and Recommendations. From the above discussions, it is evident that the media has played a the major role in of misleading members of the public on youth crime rates, both on the general increase and an increase in the as to the seriousness of the a crime. Such misconception by the public results in has critical consequences, including the need to keep changing youth crime laws, calling for unnecessary police intervention on youth activities, and the imposition of mor stringent harsh measures to deal while dealing with youth crimes (Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, 2004). One of the prime tools The major tool through which the to resolving the problem of public misconception is can be solved is through dissemination of accurate crime statistics. Individuals in charge of Persons who deal with such statistics should ensure often make sure that such statistics are presented to the public, reflecting so as to show the public the real figures on crime rates. This will assist help the public’s opinion of the media know when the media when is reporting the correct information, allowing the public to know when information and when it gets biased. The government should also introduce put in place policies and programs to enlighten the public on the role and efficiency of the youth justice system, as well as informing the public about the accurate crime rates to help solve the misconception problem facing the public. It has been shown that, people who are well informed about criminal justice issues have less convictions and more rational perceptions as compared to those who have limited knowledge.

Effects of Ozone Depletion

Introduction There are significant numbers of adverse effects caused by the depletion of the ozone layer, as supported by several publications. The negative health impacts that are brought about byAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Ozone Depletion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More the depletion of the ozone layer and climate change and are categorised as either acute or chronic (Rass, 2006). The acute effects include minor skin injuries, such as skin dryness and photokeratitis, also known as the snow blindness (Neale, 2007). The chronic impacts of ozone depletion on human include effects, such as skin cancer, photoaging, and the long term damages that the ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes the human eye (Parker Morrissey, 2003). The depletion of the ozone has not only affected the health of humans across the globe, but it has also contributed to the way the natural ecosystem is organized. The climate has changed all over the world, with weather patterns changing every year (Water Program, 2011). This has become challenging even to the weathermen, who sometimes give contradicting weather expectations from what occurs. The changing climate has impacted the ecosystem, where the migration of particular animals has been hampered and, in other cases, reversed (Mathole, Ndarana, Beraki, Landman, 2014). Various catastrophic climate-related events, such as hurricanes, have occurred in several locations, causing deleterious effects on human activity. The amount of water in the seas is said to be increasing day by day, which is a major threat to the habitat (Climate Action, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper seeks to discuss the impacts of ozone depletion on the health of human beings. It also examines the effects that climate change has brought to the ecosystem, the water systems in particular. Finally, the paper gives the economic impact of climate change. Harm to Human Health The effects of solar radiation on the skin According to Parker and Morrissey (2003), the negative effects of solar radiation on human skin could be categorized as either acute or chronic. The acute refers to the short-term effects, while chronic effects refer to the long-term effects. Among the short-term effects of solar radiation on the human skin include sunburn, thickening of the epidermis, and the dryness of the skin (Guhl et al., 2005). The chronic effects of solar radiation on the human skin include skin cancer and photoaging. Thomas and Callen (2001) explain how sunburn occurs in a person. Inflammation of the skin, otherwise known as the sunburn or erythema, occurs the moment the skin is exposed to UV radiation of between 295-400nm. However, the sunburn caused does not last more than 24 hours (Thomas Callen, 2001). Melanogenesis, otherwise known as tanning, occu rs when the skin is exposed to the solar radiation of above 295nm for more than one day (Parker Morrissey, 2003). According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2011), an increase in the exposure of human skin to the solar radiation can lead to various skin diseases. Such conditions include pemphigus, lupus erythematous, and skin photosensitivity. Green (1999) adds that extensive exposure of the human skin to the solar radiation contributes to the suppression of the immune system.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Ozone Depletion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most widely studied chronic effect of solar radiation on the skin of humans is the skin cancer. The World Health Organization (2015) writes that exposure to solar radiation catalyses basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). BCC and SCC are the primary causes of skin cancer. It is interesting to note that the ski n type is a contributing factor in the probability of whether one will be diagnosed with skin cancer or not. Young (2009) argues that humans with skin types 1 and 2 are more prone to skin cancer, while those with skin types 3 and 4 being less prone to skin cancer. On the other hand, melanoma, a much less cause of skin cancer is the leading contributing factor to the deaths that are associated with skin cancer. The main factors contributing to melanoma are the skin colour and the level of skin exposure to the solar radiation. In areas with low latitudes, such as Australia, pale skinned individuals are more prone to melanoma and skin cancer, compared to dark skinned people in the same region (European Commission, 2006). To this effect, the European Commission generalizes that advice regarding protection from the sun should be focused on the white skinned people, rather than dark-skinned individuals because it is pale/white coloured individuals that are more prone to cases of melanoma and skin cancer. According to the World Health Organization (2015), patients who have high numbers of melanocytic naevi are also at an increased risk of contracting melanoma. Photoaging is a skin condition that occurs when skin ages as a result of prolonged exposure to the ultraviolet radiation (Gass, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The notable signs of photoaging include laxity, wrinkles, and uneven alignment of the skin pigments, as stated by the British Columbia (2013). When matrix metalloproteins (MMPs) are induced, the collagen in the human skin gets degraded, and this is believed to be the cause of photoaging. According to the Social Learning Group (2001), there are specific ways through which mankind can protect himself from the damages caused by solar radiations on the skin. Such measures include minimizing sun exposure, especially at noon time, drinking water in abundance to avoid dehydration and skin dryness, use of a sunscreen that has a sun protection factor of more than 15, and self-checking the skin on a regular basis to identify skin changes as they happen. One can also take breaks in the shade when the sun is very strong, use proper protective clothing and sunglasses during high sunshine, and taking part in various seminars and events that are organized to train the general public on the potenti al damages of solar UV radiation on humans, as well as the best methods to protect oneself from the harmful effects of solar radiation. The effects of solar UV radiation on the eye Thomas and Callen (2012) give a good explanation of the human eye. The human eye can reflect visible radiation on its retina. The eye has several layers that shield it from sunlight by toning down the radiation. As a result, the eye is protected from the UV-induced photo damage. One of the effects of UV radiation on the human eye is what is referred to as photokeratitis. According to Thomas and Callen (2012), photokeratitis is a painful condition that is inflammatory in nature. They signal that photokeratitis is, sometimes, referred to as snow blindness, whereas other people refer to it as welder’s flash. However, Green (1999) reveals that photokeratitis will appear just 2 -12 hours of exposure and then disappear in just 48 hours. Several studies have revealed that UV radiations from the sun cause ocular melanoma (Gass, 2005). Other studies have shown that people, who take more time out, especially in the weekdays, are more prone to ocular melanoma than individuals who do participate in outdoor activities on specific days (Rass, 2006). Ocular melanoma is determined by how much UV light comes into contact with the skin, but not the latitude of exposure. UV-induced Vitamin D and its impact on health UV radiations from the sun have various effects on the life of human beings. One such effect is the ability to catalyse the synthesis of vitamin D. According to the World Health Organization (2015), Vitamin D is crucial for the stability of the musculoskeletal system. However, there is a worrying fact that is recorded by the WHO in the sense that quite a good number of the earth’s population has a deficit of vitamin D. As a result, there have been increased cases of children developing rickets at an early stage of their development, especially in the third world countries lik e a majority of the African countries. Several studies have demonstrated how UV radiations can transfer to the human body though vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency has been proven to be an easy way through which UV radiations are able to penetrate though the human skin (Abdel-Naser, Krasagakis, Garbe, Eberle, 2003). When one is vitamin D deficient, then his skeletal composition becomes so worn out that the skin can no longer protect the body from harmful adverse UV radiations. As a result, there are high chances of contracting skin cancer and any other skin-related ailment brought about by UV radiations (Rass, 2015). Weakening of the human immune system According to Young (2009), there are a number of cases where excessive exposure to UV radiation has been associated with the weakening of the human immune system. Suppression of the white blood cells, which are credited for the fighting mechanism of the human body, occurs with prolonged exposure to the sun’s UV radiation. When t his occurs, the human body fails to produce the required antigens to fight diseases. Young (2009) states that the weakening of the immune system due to the increased periods of exposure to the sun affects people with varying skin colours, irrespective of their location on the globe. Green (1999) indicates that the weakened immune system due to over-exposure to UV radiation could be one of the leading causes of infections and diseases like malaria, leprosy, measles, tuberculosis, and various fungal infections. According to the World Health Organization (2015), the efficacy of vaccinations is reduced once the white blood cells beneath the skin are weakened by intense UV radiations. The inability of the skin to fight infections is greatly contributed by the reduced ability of the skin to allergic reactions. Impacts on Natural Ecosystems Effects of climate change on water resources The effects of climate change on water resources have been devastating. Climate change has come with incre ased temperatures that have increased the level of evaporation of the rivers and other water bodies (Water Program, 2011). The result of this is that many rivers are now drying up or becoming temporary. Some deserts have also been created as a result of increased evaporation induced by increased temperatures. Some regions depend on glacier ice for the replenishment of their fresh water (Newman et al., 2014; Ganguly Iyer, 2006). However, climate change has brought with it very high temperatures that are posing a threat to these glaciers. Climate change has led to the reduction of the seasonally frozen ground water (The Department of Environmental Protection, 2010). Consequently, lakes are disappearing as a result of permafrost draining and the coastal erosion at the Arctic has increased as well. The quality of our waters has been interfered with by the vast changing climatic conditions brought about by the depletion of the ozone layer. The number of organisms in fresh waters has red uced significantly, and the composition of species in the same waters has changed a lot (Water Facts, 2010). There have been increased flooding as a result of climatic change, which have affected many livelihoods, including loss of property and lives in the worst scenarios. The Economic Impact of Ozone Depletion The economic consequences that are associated with the ozone depletion stem from the above discussions on climate change. The various skin-related ailments caused by prolonged exposure to UV radiation call for increased investment in the health sector to cure the diseases (European Commission, 2006). Many countries are feeling the pinch of the climatic change, as they are injecting billions of money into the health sector to curb the health conditions.The change in climate has reduced agricultural productivity drastically. Several countries are not able to produce enough food, as it used to be in the past years (European Commission, 2006). As a result, there have been increa sed hunger and droughts, which affect government expenditure, as it has to shift focus on how to feed its people. Conclusion The depletion of the ozone has contributed to various effects, both on the health of human beings, as well as to the natural ecosystems. The various effects of ozone depletion on humans include skin ailments, such as skin drying and skin cancer, destruction of the human eye, and suppression of the immune system. A good example of the adverse effect of climate change is the interference of the world’s waters. All these effects become economic burdens for the various countries. References Abdel-Naser, M., Krasagakis, K., Garbe, C., Eberle, J. (2003). Direct effects on proliferation, antigen expression and melanin synthesis of cultured normal human melanocytes in response to UVB and UVA light. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology Photomedicine, 19(3), 122-127. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0781.2003.00034.x Climate Action. (2012). Protection of the ozone layer: Questi ons and Answers. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ozone/faq_en.htm European Commission. (2006). Biological effects of ultraviolet radiation relevant to health with particular reference to sunbeds for cosmetic purposes. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_031b.pdf Ganguly, N. D., Iyer, K. N. (2006). Long-term trend in ozone and erythemal UV at Indian latitudes. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 55(3), 227-239. doi:10.1007/s10874-006-9035-9 Gass, R. (2005). Mortality from malignant melanoma: epidemiological trends in Switzerland. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 94(34), 1295- 1300 Green, A. (1999). Incidence and determinants of skin cancer in a high-risk Australian population. Int J Cancer, 46, 356-361 Guhl, S., Stefaniak, R., Strathmann, M., Babina, M., Piazena, H., Henz, B. M., Zuberbier, T. (2005). Bivalent effect of UV light on human skin mast cells—low-level mediator release at baseline but potent suppression upon ma st cell triggering. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 124(2), 453-456. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23523.x Mathole, K., Ndarana, T., Beraki, A., Landman, W. A. (2014). Impact of lower stratospheric ozone on seasonal prediction systems. South African Journal of Science, 110(3/4), 1-8. doi:10.1590/sajs.2014/20130161 Neale, R. E. (2007). Basal cell carcinoma on the trunk is associated with excessive sun exposure. J Am Acad Dermatol, 56(3), 380-386. Newman, P. A., Kramarova, N., Nash, E. R., Long, C. S., Pitts, M. C., Johnson, B., †¦ Braathen, G. O. (2014). g. Ozone depletion. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, S152-S156. Parker, L., Morrissey, A. W. (2003). Stratospheric ozone depletion. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Publishers Rass, K. (2006). UV-damage and DNA-repair in basal and squamous cell carsinomas: Molecular mechanisms of basal cell and squamous cell carsinomas. Bioscience Medical Intelligence Unit: Springer. Social Learning Group. (2001). Learning to manage gl obal environmental risks: A functional Analysis of social responses to climate change, ozone depletion and acid rain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press The British Columbia. (2013).The Impacts of ozone depletion. Retrieved from http://www.bcairquality.ca/101/ozonedepletionimpacts.html The Department of Environmental Protection. (2010). Health and environmental effects of air pollution. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/oar/visibility/ The World Health Organization. (2015). Health effects of UV Radiation. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/uv/health/en/ Thomas, J., Callan, S. (2012). Environmental economics and management: Theory, policy, and applications. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). Health and environmental effects of ozone layer depletion. Ozone Layer Protection- Science. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/spdpublc/science/effects/index.html Water Facts. (2010). Climate change and water resource management: Adaptation Strategies for protecting pe ople and the environment. New York, NY: National Resources Defence Council. Water Program. (2011). The impact of climate change on water resources. Retrieved from http://www.gracelinks.org/2380/theimpactofclimatechangeonwaterresources Young, C. (2009). Solar ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. Occupational Medicine, 59(2), 82-88. This essay on Effects of Ozone Depletion was written and submitted by user Gauge Burks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gestalt Therapy

Gestalt Therapy What are the important therapeutic goals of Gestalt theory? Gelstalt therapy is an experiential type of psychotherapy whose main emphasis is on personal responsibility. In addition, the main focal point of gelstalt therapy is the client-therapist relationship, the clients experiences in the present, the social contexts and the environment of the clients life, as well as the self-regulating changes people make due to the overall predicament (Corey, 2013). Among some of the founders of the theory include Frederick Perls and Laura Perls.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gestalt Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gelstalt therapy enables a client to differentiate between feelings, actions, and perceptions. As such, patients can act to reshuffle their attitudes. The therapy process demands that patients and their therapist exercise dialogue in their actions. This is aimed at enabling clients to comes to terms with th eir actions, what prompts them to perform them, and how best to improve the situation. The goals of the therapeutic process are to ensure that the process is more candid than the content. More emphasis is placed on what is taking place and what is being felt than what took place in the past (Bloom, 2009). Gestalt therapy is highly reliant on the interpersonal relationship between a therapist and his client. Such a relationship develops and is nurtured as therapy continues. Gelstalt therapy could also be described as a form of experimental approach because it involves intentional and experimental actions. There are several ways through which the gestalt therapists’ function. For example, the therapist utilizes an exploration process, as opposed to use of behavior modification. Unlike other forms of therapy, the gestalt therapist ensures that therapists meet their patients and guide them in active works to ensure that their awareness is maximized. The goal is to ensure that the y help the patient grow and develop a sense of autonomy, in addition to increasing their conscious levels. While conducting the process, the therapist is supposed to be active and exude excitement (Bloom, 2009). It is paramount that they are also direct and honest with their clients in their communication. This way, both the therapist and the patient have their own sense of judgment in regards to how they feel, what they can see and what they hear. The patient is further able to determine the kind of person that the therapist is, as there is open and direct communication among them. This enables the patient to grow (Bloom, 2009). Moreover, the client is in a position to ascertain how he/she engages with the therapist, and this is a big step towards self-awareness. A therapist needs to fully understand the clients situation. He/she can do this by assessing the clients non-verbal as well as verbal communication.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a matter of fact, nonverbal communication has been seen to offer more information about the true character of an individual. For this reason, the therapist must endeavor to read the clients body language including posture, gestures, hesitations, and movements. This is because body language will enable the therapist to decipher what the client is undergoing. It is important though to note that in this kind of therapy, the therapist does not offer a curative process to the patient but rather, a process of self-discovery and awareness. At the end of the therapy, patients will have developed a new label and sense of self-awareness. Therefore, they are left to grow by themselves. Reference List Bloom, D. (2009). The Phenomenological Method of Gestalt Therapy: Revisiting Husserl to Discover the Essence of Gestalt Therapy. Gestalt Review, 13(3), 277-295. Corey, G. (2013). Theory and practice of counseling and ps ychotherapy (9th edition). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Media assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media assignment - Essay Example t have been used in the media in the past to deliberately shape and direct the evolution of society at the same time that changes in society have functioned to shape and develop how it is reflected in the media. One major change that has taken place is a shift in social thinking that deems it acceptable for a woman to be found in the workplace in a role other than secretary or operator. This shift can be seen by comparing the ideas associated with the working girl in the film Working Girl released in 1988 and those communicated in the article â€Å"Get Yourself Noticed.† Both of these texts present a specific image of what the proper role of woman is perceived to be in the working world. In both cases, there is acknowledgement that a woman can succeed in the upper levels of the working world, but that this is the exception rather than the rule. In the film, this idea is conveyed throughout the storyline. The main character is Tess McGill, who spends her days commuting to work with a bevy of other women, all working as secretaries or receptionists in the city. When she discovers that her boss was only pretending to support her dream of entering the executive level in order to use her as a sexual plaything, she gets another job working under a female executive, Katherine Parker. Parker seems highly successful, very supportive of bringing more women like Tess into the executive level and is highly confident of her own abilities. This understanding that a woman can make a success in the upper levels of the company is the jumping off point for the articl e as two women, understood to be in the lower ranks of the secretarial pool, discuss the seeming meteoric rise of a third woman within their organization. Although the gender of the ‘boss’ is not mentioned in the scenario, the idea that the two women talking are of a lower rank is made clear in the way that they discuss how this third woman is already above them in the boss’s opinion. Because the article

The Taika Reform Edicts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Taika Reform Edicts - Essay Example During this time, the empire experienced great concord with less fractiousness among the people. After a period, common clan names such as Omi, Muraji and Uji took over the titles of Gods and emperors. â€Å"In recent times, however, the names, first of the Gods, and then of the Emperors, have in some cases been separated (from their proper application) and converted into the  Uji  of Omi or  Muraji, [common clan names in Japan]† This separation resulted to some consequences and strong partisan bias among the people in the entire country. The monarchy system was centralized, and the clans seem to be an obstacle to this system hence pushing for decentralization of the ruling system in the Japanese state. This decentralization is in the form of selfish interests by the clans. The minds of people have become unsettled, which has made the government unable to carry on with its functions. Japanese elites such as Muraji 12, Omi 11, Kuni no Moyakko 2 and Tomo no Miyakko 5 came up with a set of their own vassals (Varley, 2003). These vassals have been compelled to labor at their arbitrary pleasure (Varley, 2003). Moreover, the seas, hills, ponds, rice fields, woods and plains have been cut off and assigned them to their provinces and to themselves (Varley, 2003).. This has resulted to some kind of contest among the elites and the leaders. It is evident also that the elites have gone further to make people pay taxes to them instead of the government. They first take their share and later take the leftovers to the central government. The Japanese state had few people, in regards to the whole population, and instead of benefiting from their own land and resources; they are cut off and sold to them at high prices. The resources that had been shared by the clans are regulated, and an elderman appointed in each ward. In addition, the population is registered and re-granting of land distribution provided to the

Juno American Feature Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juno American Feature Film - Essay Example Juno has a very basic story line as well as concept attached to the tale; it is about a young girl trying to explore the nooks and crannies of intimacy and relationships without understanding the implications that might arise along with the same. The film has been directed in a very concise manner making use of pencil stylized ‘rotoscoped’ images right from the credits in the beginning, making use of animation in order to help the audience understand the maturity level of the girl and the kind of colourful life that she always wanted to live for herself. This entire sequence took a period of seven to eight months to be mastered as each and every shot that follows Juno on her way to the medical pharmacy was taken in short screenings. The set design is incredible, assisting in providing the film with a touch of wonder. The various characters within the movie have been portrayed in a very interesting manner. The director has taken his time to choose the main protagonists an d provide them with a different twist. Juno is a young teenage girl who comes off a little strong on the first meeting with everyone. The lighting during the course of the film is a light and well maintained one without any qualms as such, helping to show the warmth emanating from the characters at different points throughout the course of the movie. Full of sarcasm, Juno helps to put an indie spin in the movie and gives a very intense performance with her dominating nature and need to control everything that might not even be in her reach. However, she understands where she went wrong by getting pregnant but decides to bring about a change in a couple’s life with the help of her baby who she is willing to give up in order to make someone else happy. There was a vast amount of dramatisation in the film played by the other characters, namely Juno’s parents which helped to calm the situation by making her understand what she had gone through, and helping her come out wit h a solution rather than screaming at her and making her feel the pain of the implications and consequences that she was already suffering. The two characters acted in an excellent manner, almost very real and lifelike, helping parents all around to understand how to cope with their children if they befall such a similar situation in their future. The entire design of the film is based on the four seasons of the year and the film has thus been divided into four aspects with different materials used to give the picture of the various seasons that passed by. For example, the use of fake flora and flowers were made in order to depict spring taking place. Fans were used in order to blow leaves and flowers around in order to show autumn and the shedding of leaves and trees. The use of fake cherry blossom trees were also made to make the set look more real. Different colours were also used wisely by the director as he tried to use each colour to signify the weather on the outside. For exa mple, the opening sequence of the movie shows Juno walking in a red hoodie jacket, walking through sombre coloured green and brown lush greenery around her (Sciretta). Juno’s bedroom as well was a very cleverly designed set as it helped to appeal to the minds of most young teenagers, showing how most young people keep their rooms; messy as

Cooperative Vehicle Safety System for VANETs

Cooperative Vehicle Safety System for VANETs COOPERATIVE VEHICLE SAFETY SYSTEM FOR VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORKS T. Sujitha, Final year M.E(CSE), ABSTRACT Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a one form of wireless networks used for vehicles communication among themselves on roads. The conventional routing protocols are suitable for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). But it’s poorly in VANETs. As communication links break often happen in VANETs compare than in MANETs, the reliable routing is more difficult in the VANET. Research work has been done to the routing reliability of VANETs on highways. In this paper, we use the cooperative vehicle safety system for VANETs. The cooperative vehicle safety system helps to capture the future positions of the vehicles and determines the reliable routes preemptively. This paper is the first to propose a cooperative vehicle safety system for VANETs gives quality-of-service (QoS) support in the routing process. A new mechanism is developed to find the most reliable route in the VANET from the source vehicle to the destination vehicle. Through the simulation results, that the proposed scheme s ignificantly give good result compare than other literature survey. Keywords- vehicular ad hoc network (VANET),DSRC, IEEE 802.11,sensor,OBU,RSU. 1.INTRODUCTION Every day, a most of people die, and many people are injured in traffic accidents around the world. The desire to improve road safety information among vehicles to prevent accidents and improve road safety was the main motivation behind the development of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). VANETs are a promising technology to enable communications among vehicles on roads. They are a special form of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that provide vehicle-to-vehicle communications. It is assumed that each vehicle is equipped with a wireless communication facility to provide ad hoc network connectivity. VANETs tend to operate without an infrastructure, each vehicle in the network can send, receive, and relay messages to other vehicles in the network. Figure 1.1 Structure of Vanet Ad-hoc Networks This way, vehicles can exchange real-time information, and drivers can be informed about road traffic conditions and other travel-related information. The most challenging issue is potentially the high mobility and the frequent changes of the network topology. In VANETs, the network topology could vary when the vehicles change their velocities and/or lanes. These changes depend on the drivers and road situations and are normally not scheduled in advance. Embedded wireless devices are the main components of evolving cooperative active safety systems for vehicles. These systems, which rely on communication between vehicles, deliver warning messages to drivers and may even directly take control of the vehicle to perform evasive maneuvers. The cyber aspects of such applications, including communication and detection of vehicle information are tightly coupled with physical dynamics of vehicles and drivers behavior. Recent research on such cooperative vehicle safety (CVSS) systems has shown that significant performance improvement is possible by coupling the design of the components of the systems that are related to vehicle dynamics with the cyber components that are responsible for tracking other cars and detecting threats. The types of possible actions and warnings in vehicle safety systems range from low-latency collision avoidance or warning systems to moderate-latency system that provide heads up information about possible dangers in the non immediate path of the vehicle. The main differences of these systems are the sources and means of information dissemination and acquisition. In active safety systems, vehicles are required to be continuously aware of their neighborhood of few hundred meters and monitor possible emergency information. This task can be achieved by frequent real time communication between vehicles over dedicated short range communication (DSRC) channel. In addition to inter-vehicle communication; roadside devices may also assist vehicles in learning about their environment by delivering traffic signal or pedestrian related information at intersections. The main requirement of these active safety systems is the possibility of delivering real-time acquired information to and between vehicles at latencies of lower than few hundred milliseconds. Prototypes of such systems are being developed by many automotive manufacturers. 2. EXISTING SYSTEM In DSRC based safety systems, the cyber components are selected so that they meet the requirements of active safety. Nevertheless, the existing designs fall short of supporting a full-fledged CVSS in which a large number of vehicles communicate and cooperate with each other. The main reason behind the issues with the current designs is the level of separation in the design of different components. Later in this paper we describe methods to achieve better performance by further cooperation of the physical and cyber sub-components. In the next subsection we describe existing active safety CVSS systems and their designs. Figure 1.2 Communication in VANET systems. The traditional design of the CVS system, based on the structure depicted, is a straightforward design following the recommendations of an early report by vehicle safety communication consortium (VSCC). According to this report, it is suggested that vehicles should transmit tracking messages every 100ms, to a distance of at least 150m (avg. 250m). Therefore, the message generation module in becomes a periodic process that outputs a sample of the current state of the vehicle in a message every 100msec. The DSRC radio power is set to reach the suggested distance. Given the issues of the above design in crowded networks, several enhancements have recently been proposed to improve the performance of CVS systems beyond the early solutions set forth by VSCC. One such method is the work in [22] that proposes to fairly allocate transmission power across all cars in a max-min fashion; this method helps reduce the load at every point of a formulated 1-D highway and thus reserves bandwidth for emergency messages with higher priorities. This method assumes a predefined maximum load as the target. In another work, a message dispatcher is proposed to reduce required data rate by removing duplicate elements, here, the idea is that many applications require the same data elements from other vehicles. The message dispatcher at the sender side will group data elements from application layer (i.e., the source) and decides how frequently each data element should be broadcast. The above methods focus on the computing module, as defined in this section, and try to improve its performance through observing the behavior of the application, or by incorporating limited physical process information in the design of the computing module. While the above improvements do enhance the performance of CVS systems, these designs do not consider the mutual effects of computation, communication and physical processes on each other. In this, try to identify such mutual effects and propose a design that uses the knowledge of the tight coupling of cyber and physical processes to the benefit of a CVSS system. DESTINATION SEQUENCED DISTANCE VECTOR (DSDV) DSDV is a proactive protocol that maintains route to all the destinations before requirement of the route. Each node maintains a routing table which contains next hop, cost metric towards each destination and a sequence number that is created by the destination itself. This table is exchanged by each node to update route information. A node transmits routing table periodically or when significant new information is available about some route. Whenever a node wants to send packet, it uses the routing table stored locally. For each destination, a node knows which of its neighbor leads to the shortest path to the destination. DSDV is an efficient protocol for route discovery. Whenever a route to a new destination is required, it already exists at the source. Hence, latency for route discovery is very low. DSDV also guarantees loop-free paths. 3. PROPOSED SYSTEM Cooperative message authentication protocol, which augments the basic short group signature protocol by mitigating the computation overhead in the regular broadcast phase. According to, the verification time for short group signature is 11ms with a 3 GHz Pentium IV system. In a typical public safety application, each vehicle broadcasts safety messages every 300 ms, which implies that each vehicle can at most process messages from other vehicles in a stable system. However, according to the measurement, there may exist as many as 87 vehicles broadcasting messages within the 300m communication range of a receiving vehicle, far exceeding its processing capability. Therefore, we propose a cooperative message authentication protocol to fill the gap between the workload and the processing capability. 3.1 PROTOCOL IMPLEMENTATION RSUs broadcast I-public keys, G-public keys of themselves and their neighbor RSUs with certificates and identities of revoked RSUs in their neighborhoods regularly. Authorities employ benign RSUs around compromised RSUs to implement revocation by regular broadcasting those compromised RSUs’ identities. When a vehicle detects the hello message, it starts registration by sending its I-public key and the certificate to the RSU if the RSU is not revoked. Normally, a public key should not be encrypted. However, in our system model, each vehicle’s I-public key is unique, so it is also an identifier of the vehicle. We encrypt it to protect vehicle’s privacy. The RSU sends the hash value of the G-private key which plans to be assigned to the vehicle and the signature of the hash value, vehicle’s I-public key and RSU’s I-public key to the vehicle. RSU’s I-public key is also unique. The vehicle can identify the RSU’s legitimacy after it verifies this message because the RSU uses its I-private key in the message. The vehicle encrypts its Npri and the timestamp by using authorities’ public key. Then, it sends the encryption data with the timestamp and the signature of corresponding information, message 4, to the RSU. The encryption of its Npri and the timestamp is a commitment. It can be useed to detect illegitimate users later. Meanwhile, the signature signed by the vehicle binds vehicle’s information and the assigned G-private key. Then, the RSU cannot re-map them because the RSU does not have vehicle’s I-private key. The RSU sends the G-private key to the vehicle. The vehicle finishes registration procedure after it gets a valid G-private key. Then, the RSU stores the information, as in the local database. The signature in the fifth item is the signature that the RSU receives in message. If authorities need the information of a vehicle when there is a dispute, the RSU has to send the vehicle’s corresponding information to authorities. 3.2 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated through network simulator version 2. A cooperative message authentication protocol(CMAP) is presented to alleviate vehicles computation burden. In the protocol, because vehicles share their verification results with each other in a cooperative way, the number of safety messages that each vehicle needs to verify will be reduced greatly. A new research issue of the protocol is how to select verifiers in the city road scenario. Thus, we propose three verifiers selection algorithms, n-nearest method, most-even distributed method and the compound method for the CMAP. Performance metrics are utilized in the simulations for performance comparison. Packet arrival rate The ratio of the number of received data packets to the number of total data packets sent by the source. Energy consumption The energy consumption for the entire network includes transmission energy consumption for both the data and control packets. Average end-to-end delay The average time elapsed for delivering a data packet within a successful transmission. Control overhead The average number of transmitted control bytes per second, including both the data packet header and the control packets. Collision rate The average Collision rate for the entire data transmission from source to destination is much controlled and reduced when compared to the existing protocol. 4. ELLIPTIC CURVE DIGITAL SIGNATURE ALGORITHM ECDSA is Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC)-based implementation of the commonly used digital signature algorithm. ECC provides the same security level as the other discrete logarithm approaches, while the size of the required ECC credentials is much smaller than that of the discrete logarithm systems. The WAVE security service adopt ECDSA-based message authentication for vehicular communications. Two standard elliptic curves namely P-224 and P-256 have been suggested for general purpose message authentications, and certificate authentications in VANETs. A VANET entity is required to transmit periodic safety messages containing its current coordinates, speed, acceleration etc. to the neighboring devices. The typical interval for safety message broadcasts ranges from 100 ms to 300 ms. An authentication scheme has to be incorporated in order to provide reliability and trust for the delivered safety information. Received messages are verified by the receiving entity to ensure the message integrity, and authenticity of sender’s identity. Unfortunately signature verification incurs a cryptographic processing delay at the verifier’s end. Although the verification delay for ECDSA is in the order of milliseconds, with hundreds of vehicles in a dense traffic scenario, an OBU would receive an enormous amount of periodic messages per unit time causing a bottleneck to the authentication process at the receiver end. If OBUs are configured to broadcast their periodic messages every 100 ms, under a heavy traffic scenario, many of the safety messages would either be discarded due to the constrained buffer size of the verification process, or accepted without any verification. Therefore in busy traffic hours, a receiver of vehicular messages would either risk a fatal road-traffic consequence, or it would reject a significant portion of received messages without authenticating when its maximum verification capacity is reached. The current WAVE standards do not include an efficient anonymous authentication scheme for vehicular messages, or even an intelligent authentication strategy which can efficiently verify from a massive number of vehicular safety/application messages. 5. CONCLUSION The proposed protocol designed an identity-based anonymous user-authentication scheme and a cross-layer verification approach for WAVE-enabled VANET’s safety messages. A variation of the conventional ECDSA approach is used with the identity-based signature approach where the common geographical area information of signing vehicles is taken as the signer’s identity. This exempts a vehicle from the mandatory inclusion of a trusted third-party certificate with each broadcast message in a VANET while a user is still identifiable by the trusted third-party up on a dispute. A cross-layer message verification scheme verifies the received messages based on their MAC traffic class and traffic intensity. This ensures that under the rush hour congestion or traffic accident most important messages will not be missed by the verifier. Security analysis and performance evaluation justify our authentication and verification approach for WAVE-enabled vehicular communications. REFERENCES [1] C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer, â€Å"Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing,†in Proc.2nd IEEE WMCSA 1999. [2] V. A. Davis, â€Å"Evaluating mobility models within an ad hoc network,† M.S. thesis, Colorado Sch. Mines Golden, CO, USA, 2000. [3] A. Ferreira, â€Å"On models and algorithms for dynamic communication networks: The case for evolving graphs,† presented at the 4e rencontres francophones sur les ALGOTEL, Meze, France, 2002. [4] M. Rudack, M. Meincke, K. Jobmann, and M. Lott, â€Å"On traffic dynamical aspects of inter vehicle communications (IVC),† in Proc. IEEE Veh.Technol. Conf., 2003. [5] H. Menouar, M. Lenardi, and F. Filali, â€Å"A movement prediction-base drouting protocol for vehicle-to-vehicle communications,† in Proc. 1st Int.V2V Communication Workshop, San Diego, CA, USA, 2005. [6] T. Taleb, M. Ochi, A. Jamalipour, N. Kato, and Nemoto â€Å"An efficient vehicle-heading based routing protocol for VANET networks,†in Proc.IEEE Wireless Communication ,2006. [7] G. M. T. Abdalla, M. A. Abu-Rgheff, and S. M. Senouci, â€Å"Current trends in vehicular ad hoc networks,† in Proc IEEE Global Inf. Infrastruct.Symp., Marrakech Morocco, 2007. [8] V. Namboodiri and L. Gao, â€Å"Prediction-based routing for vehicular adhoc networks,† IEEE Trans.Veh Technol, 2007. [9] K. T. Feng, C. H. Hsu, and T. E. Lu, â€Å"Velocity-assisted predictive mobility and location-aware routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks,† IEEE Trans Technol, 2008. [10] J. Monteiro, â€Å"The use of evolving graph combinatorial model in routing protocols for dynamic networks,† in Proc. XV Concurso Latinoamericanode Tesis de Maestrà ¬a, 2008. [11] G. Pallis, D. Katsaros, M. D. Dikaiakos, oulloudes and L. Tassiulas,â€Å"On the structure and evolution of vehicular networks,† in Proc. IEEE/ACM Meeting Symp. MASCOTS, 2009. [12] S. C. Ng, W. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Yang, and G. Mao, â€Å"Analysis of access and connectivity probabilities in vehicular relay networks,† IEEE. Areas Communication, 2011.

Linguistic Communication Barriers Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Es

Communication Barriers Hispanic immigrants living in American are regularly faced with communication problems. When one’s native culture varies from the norm they are often the one expected to eliminate the disparity. Language barriers present for the Hispanic population living in America and their physical therapists can cause significant problems, not only for communication in general but also for diagnosis and treatment. In order to overcome communication barriers in the field of physical therapy, providers need to become more linguistically and culturally competent. When asked what was a problem that regularly frustrated her while working, Karen Hobbs, PT of Erwin NC, immediately responded, â€Å"not being able to talk to my own patients† (Hobbs). Mrs. Hobbs is a physical therapist who works in a rural farming community that is largely populated by Hispanics. Her frustration is shared by many physical therapists who struggle to communicate with their patients. Language barriers are a problem that physical therapist are faced with across the nation. In American, over two-fifths of the Spanish-speaking Hispanics report that they experience difficulty understanding their medical provider because of a language barrier. In many cases the weight of this problem that physical therapists are faced with is handed over to the patients. Only half of the patients that report a difficulty understanding and needing an interpreter present are regularly provided one (Uninsured). One study found that only one percent of Hispanics received help from a trained medical interpreter. Most patients relied on the help of family and friends (Bustos). Family members and friends that are used as translators often have a limited under... .... (March 2002): Joyner Library, City of Greenville, NC. February 2004. â€Å"Safety Pros Share Proven Tricks for Training Spanish-Speaking Workers.† LexisNexis. IOMA Safety Directors Report. (July 2003): Joyner Library, City of Greenville, NC. February 2004. Taylor, Curtis. â€Å"A Language Barrier; Mayor, HRA Oppose Bill Requiring Interpreters.† NexisLexis. Queens Edition. (November 2003): Joyner Library, City of Greenville, NC. February 2004. â€Å"Tips on How to Increase Cultural Competency.† American Physical Therapy Association. Foundation for Physical Therapy. 20 February 2004. . â€Å"Uninsured Hispanics With Limited English Face Formidable Barriers To Health Care Finds Commonwealth Fund Report.† LexisNexis, U.S. Newswire. (February 2003): Joyner Library, City of Greenville, NC. February 2004.

Free Essays on Gree Spaces

: Green spaces, Environment, Benefits of green spaces INTRODUCTION The expansion of human activities into the natural environment, manifested by urbanization, recreation, and industrialization, results in increasing uniformity in landscapes and consequential reduction, disappearance, fragmentation or isolation of habitats and landscapes. The increasing exploitation of land for human use has greatly increased the environmental problems in urban areas. Urban green spaces are understand public and private open spaces in urban areas, primarily covered by vegetation, which are directly (e.g. active or passive recreation) or indirectly (e.g. positive influence on the urban environment) available for the users. The provision, design, management and protection of urban green spaces are at the top of the agenda of sustainability and livability. Urban green spaces play a key role in improving the livability of our towns and cities. The quality and viability of cities largely depend on the design, management and maintenance of green as well as open and public spaces in order to fulfill their role as an important social and visual focus. Urban green spaces are not only an important component in housing areas, but also in business, leisure, retail and othe... Free Essays on Gree Spaces Free Essays on Gree Spaces GREEN SPACES AS A SOURCE OF COMFORT FOR CITY DWELLERS Adnan Younis and Atif Riaz Department of Horticulture University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan. Corresponding author’s e-mail: adnanyounis25@hotmail.com ABSTRACT Green spaces within the city play a key role in the social, economic and environmental aspects. They add natural beauty to urban areas and merges the habitat where people, plants, birds and animals live. Present research project was on establishment of a diverse, acceptable and sustainable green spaces and to facilitate public debate about the functions of green spaces. Public perception on green spaces was also studied through social survey. Key words: Green spaces, Environment, Benefits of green spaces INTRODUCTION The expansion of human activities into the natural environment, manifested by urbanization, recreation, and industrialization, results in increasing uniformity in landscapes and consequential reduction, disappearance, fragmentation or isolation of habitats and landscapes. The increasing exploitation of land for human use has greatly increased the environmental problems in urban areas. Urban green spaces are understand public and private open spaces in urban areas, primarily covered by vegetation, which are directly (e.g. active or passive recreation) or indirectly (e.g. positive influence on the urban environment) available for the users. The provision, design, management and protection of urban green spaces are at the top of the agenda of sustainability and livability. Urban green spaces play a key role in improving the livability of our towns and cities. The quality and viability of cities largely depend on the design, management and maintenance of green as well as open and public spaces in order to fulfill their role as an important social and visual focus. Urban green spaces are not only an important component in housing areas, but also in business, leisure, retail and othe...

The Point Sample Method of Timber Cruising

The Point Sample Method of Timber Cruising Ed. Note: The first essential step toward selling timber or timberland is an inventory. It is a necessary step which enables the seller to set a realistic price on both the wood and the land. The inventory and methods used to determine volumes are also used between sales to make silvicultural and management decisions. Here is the equipment you need, the cruising procedure and how to calculate the cruise. This report is based on an article written by Ron Wenrich. Ron is a sawmill consultant and has extensive knowledge on how to inventory your forest using the point sampling method. All links included were chosen by the editor. Equipment For a timber cruise, other equipment besides the angle gauge will be needed. Some like to do a systematic cruise where plots are taken at regular intervals throughout the stand. In addition to an angle gauge, a compass, and a property map, something to accurately determine diameter should be taken along. Plots Each plot will represent a 1/10 acre sample. Its a good idea to do a 10% sample and take point samples at 200 ft intervals. This is a little better than a 10% cruise, but it is easy to plot on a map and is easy to locate on the ground. For a 10% sample, every acre will need 1 plot. A 5% cruise can be taken by taking point samples at 300 ft intervals. There is no need to run cruise lines through fields or other treeless areas. It is also best to cruise when leaves are not a factor - spring and fall are best. Each plot will take about 5 to 10 minutes to locate and record, depending on conditions of both the area and the cruiser. Paces For point location, use a compass and pace system. But before starting it is important to know how many paces you take to make 100 ft. To do this, measure 100 ft on a level surface. Simply walk the distance to find how many paces it takes to complete 100 ft. (some people use 66 ft. or a chain to compute their grid using a chain length). When pacing it is important to remember that you are measuring level distances. On slopes, you will have to take a few more paces to find your level point. The more severe the slope, the more paces that are necessary. Brushy conditions will also make it necessary to slip a few paces, since your gait will be altered. Walking downhill will cause your gait to be longer, so not as many paces will be needed to compensate as walking uphill. Accuracy is not a factor in plot location, so if youre off, it wont impact your results. Point Samples Before the cruise, you will need to establish where your points are to be placed. Make a map of the property or you can use aerial photos. From a known starting point that can be found on the ground, start to run north-south and east-west lines in a grid at every 200 ft. for a 10% sample. Where the lines intersect is where the point samples are to be taken. Successive plots do not have to be all in one line. Turning to get a plot is helpful and should be used where there are natural obstacles, such as wet areas, etc. For the actual cruise, it may be useful to take some sort of staff along to keep track of your plot center. Ribbon can also be used. I always take it down when done with the plot. Cruising Starting at your known point, run your line to your first point. Along the way, you can mark on your map, anything that is of notice, such as a stream, road, fence, or timber type change. This will help if you are making a type map or are writing a management report. At the first point, take your angle gauge and count the number of trees that fall into your plot. For each plot, take note of each counted tree by species, diameter, and merchantable height. Diameters should be tallied by 2 diameter classes. Tree form may also be noted. Any pertinent information should be noted before moving on to your next plot. Also note any trees that you would remove at each point. This can be used as a preliminary cruise for harvesting. Keep each plot information separate. After all the lines are run, you will have a complete map of your property. Just connect where roads, fences and other occurrences intersect. Ronald D. Wenrich is a sawmill management consultant from Jonestown, Pennsylvania, USA. This Penn State graduate has logged timber, inspected treated forest products, been a mill foreman, procured wood, and is now a sawmilling specialist and consultant.

Office Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Office Management - Assignment Example We have began to receive online application for mortgages in keeping with the high growth rate of the industry. Mortgage institutions originated approximately $2.3 trillion in total home mortgages in 2003. As mortgage manager handling a group of mortgage officers, I realize my task is more than just supervising my team and monitoring their performance. This is the professional level and I come to believe our relationship must subtly go beyond the professional realm for us to be effective as a team. In my mind, I have to assume a parent figure. I have to care for them, know when my officers are tired, pressured, or experiencing burnout. I have to guard against being a slave driver and instead be a coach, know the individual strength and weakness of my team members; know whom to send to field work and when, as well as whom to assign in-house when this particular "player" needs a respite from the rigors of field marketing. Out there are the capitalists looking for productive ways to invest their money. In the same spectrum are young professionals, young families needing to own houses for various reasons such as convenience, stability, and the humble pleasure of being able to provide a home for loved ones, where at the end of the day the family finds a sanctuary. This is the soft side of our hard functions.A home is more than just a house. It is the foundation of long-term financial and emotional security for one's family, one's very own piece of the American dream. Subtopic 3: selection, training, promotion and retention of employees I started as a mortgage officer myself. It helped a lot that aside from my bachelor's degree, I have had other training opportunities. I often tell my officers that they need to pursue a masteral program of study, even a doctorate if they can. On-the-job experiences are best complimented by research-based theories and principles placed in context by experts in the academe. So that when promotion time comes, those who have MBAs already have edge in climbing the corporate ladder. Subtopic 4: the ever-changing technological environment within an office Going online has truly made radical changes within the office. Applicants for

How Advertisement Manipulates Customers Choices and Spending Habits Essay - 11

How Advertisement Manipulates Customers Choices and Spending Habits - Essay Example We know advertisement is an investment only when it is not a false advertisement. It should not manipulate the customer’s desires and spending. Advertisement can actually modify the spending habits and customer choices by convincing its audience in a manner that may be ethically unacceptable. These days companies tend to use manipulative advertisements. Some ads are very informative; e.g TV ads about the yellow pages, information about supermarkets etc. These ads may be a little bit manipulative but customers end up purchasing a good because of the information provided by these ads (Phillips 14). For example, there are some ads like Mountain Dew (beverage), which portray the ability of humans to act in ways that are beyond ordinary. Now this is just a false manipulation that can literally affect the perception of viewers. But some authors argue that manipulative advertisement is the second name of persuasive advertisement which is a big source of forcing the customers to purchase the product. In other words here the marketer is hitting/targeting the customers emotionally. Once you persuade a person emotionally, selling the product becomes easy. In manipulative advertising the marketers are doing the same. Seeing this idea, manipulative advertisement becomes objectionable . It cannot be termed as the ethical one because it is persuading the customers in unacceptable manner. Some manipulative advertisements can be in the form of celebrity marketing especially female model. This makes the product so special to the customers, when they think of it they say this celebrity uses it, I must use this (Dachis n.p.). Here again the customers are being hit emotionally by getting the celebrity in to the product. This motivates the general public especially the youth to a great extent. In this case they are inventing the feelings which you as a customer never had before. They make you feel like that hero/model who uses that product.  The purpose of all this is to make the consumer feel like being the person that is being used as a character in the advertisement.